On this page: Introduction, Citations

Introduction

WFED provides this bibliography to improve access to literature concerning biodiversity access and benefit sharing. While no one bibliography can address such broad topics in their entirety, the references below provide a variety of scholarly perspectives on the most central policy issues related to access and benefit sharing.

Citations

Abelson, P. 1990. Medicine from plants. Science 247:513.

Acharya, R. 1991. Patenting of biotechnology: GATT and the erosion of the world's biodiversity. Journal of World Trade 25(6):7187.

Ad hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity. 1990. Ongoing discussions on intellectual property rights in UPOV, WIPO, and GATT as they relate to access to genetic resources. Mimeo. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.

Adair, J. 1997. The bioprospecting question: Should the United States charge biotechnology companies for the commercial use of public wild genetic resources? Ecology Law Quarterly 24:131.

Adkerle, H. 1991. The Conservation of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Albers-Schonberg, G. 1995. The pharmaceutical discovery process. In Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation, ed. T. Swanson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aldous, P. 1991. Hunting license for drugs. Nature 353:290.

Alyward, B. et al. 1993. The Economic Value of Species Information and Its Role in Biodiversity Conservation: Case Studies of Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute and Pharmaceutical Prospecting. London: Environmental Economics Centre.

Anderson, E. 1992. INBio/Merck Agreement: Pioneers in Sustainable Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.

Anderson, P. 1991. Biodiversity: Social and Ecological Perspectives. London: Zed Books, Ltd..

Artuso, A. 1996. Economic analysis of biodiversity as a source of pharmaceuticals. In Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Sustainable Development in Health and Agriculture: Emerging Connections. Scientific publication No. 560. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization.

Asbey, E. et al. 1995. Biodiversity prospecting: fulfilling the mandate of the biodiversity convention. Vanderbuild Journal of TransationalLaw 28:703.

Auer, M. 1998. Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing. In Biodiversity: A Challenge for Development Research and Policy, ed. W. Barthlott et al. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Aylward, B.A.; Barbier, B.; Echeverria, J.; and Fendt, L. 1993.The Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Prospecting and Its Role in Biodiversity Conservation. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). "Environmental Economics."

Balick, M. 1990. Ethnobotany and the identification of therapeutic agents from the rainforest. In Bioactive Compounds from Plants, ed. D. Chadwick et al. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Balick, M., ed. 1996. Medicinal Resources of the Tropical Forest. New York: Columbia University Press.

Balick, M. et al. 1992. Assessing the economic value of traditional medicines from tropical rain forests. Conservation Biology 6(1):12839.

------. 1997. Medicinal resources of the tropical forest: Biodiversity and its importance to human health. Environmental Conservation 24(1):90.

Barbier, E. and B. Aylward. 1996. Capturing the pharmaceutical value of biodiversity in a developing country. Environmental and Resource Economics 8:15781.

Barton, J. and E. Christensen. 1988. Diversity compensation systems: Ways to compensate developing nations for providing genetic material. In Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, ed. J.R. Kloppenburg. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Beattie, A. 1991. Biodiversity and bioresourcesThe forgotten connection. Search 22(2):5961.

------. 1995. Natural history at the cutting edge. Ecological Economics 13(2):93.

Beier, F. 1985. Biotechnology and Patent Protection: An International Review. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Bering, E. 1994. Biotic exploration fund: Protecting biodiversity through chemical prospecting. Bioscience 44:95.

Bhat, M. 1996. Trade-related intellectual property rights to biological resources. Ecological Economics 19:205.

Biodiversity and Ethics Working Group of Pew Conservation Fellows. 1997. Directory of Guidance Documents Relating to Biodiversity and Cultural Knowledge Research and Prospecting. Publication 776 Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.

Biodiversity the role of protected areas. 1993. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Birmingham, J. 1995. American Type Culture Collection safeguards and overseas release of patented plant materials for world community. Diversity 11:14.

Blum, E. 1993. Making biodiversity conservation profitable: Case study of the Merck/INBio agreement. Environment 35(4):17.

Booth, W. 1987. Combing the earth for cures to cancer, AIDS. Science 237:969.

Bowles, I. et al. 1996. Encouraging Private Sector Support for Biodiversity Conservation. Washington, DC: Conservation International.

Brock, T. 1997. The value of basic research: discovery of thermus aquaticus and other extreme thermophiles. Genetics 146:1207.

------. 1998. Early days in yellowstone microbiology. ASM News 64(3):137.

Brown, A. 1989. The Use of Plant Genetic Resources. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, G. Jr. 1990. Valuation of genetic resources. In The Preservation and Valuation of Biological Resources, eds. H. Orians et al. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Brush, S. 1989. Rethinking crop genetic resource conservation. Conservation Biology 3:19.

------. 1992. Farmers' rights and genetic conservation in traditional farming systems. World Development 20(11):1617.

Brush, S. et al. 1992. Technology adoption and biological diversity in Andean potato agriculture. Journal of Development Economics 39(2):365.

Buffet, H. G. Securing a sustainable world - Part III: the benefits of biotechnology can only be reaped if the "biotech bullies" work with farmers and environmentalists. Diversity 15(3): 29-30.

Bull, A. 1996. Biotechnology for environmental quality: Closing the circles. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(1):1-25.

Bull, A. et al. 1992. Biodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnology. Annual Review Microbiology 46:21952.

Burton, T. 1997. Yellowstone's geysers spout valuable micro-organisms. Wall Street Journal August 11.

Business and the Environment. 1991. Merck deal with Costa Rica's INBio offers model for future. Business and the Environment 2(21):1.

Carr, T. 1993. Rain forest entrepreneurs. Environment 35(7):225.

Casenote. 1999. Bioprospecting on federal lands, public loss or public gain? (Edmonds Institute v. Babbitt, 42 F. Supp. 2d 1, D.C. Cir. 1999), 4 Great Plains Natural Resources Journal. 50-73.

Chadwick, D. et al., eds. 1990. Bioactive Compounds from Plants. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Chemical & Engineering News. 1997. Diversa, Yellowstone sign bioprospecting agreement. Chemical and Engineering News, August 25:13.

Chester, C. 1993. Building Financial Resources for Biodiversity Preservation through Industrial Use of Genetic Resources. Prepared for Tufts University. On file with World Foundation for Environment and Development, Washington, DC.

------. 1995. Profits for protection: industry and biodiversity in Costa Rica. Praxis: The Fletcher Journal of Development Studies 11:19.

------. 1996. Bioprospecting Conservation Arrangements and Institutional Capacity for the Protection of Biodiversity. Medford, MA.: Tufts University Press.

Chichilnisky, G. 1993. Property Rights and Biodiversity and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Case Study. Working Paper. Columbia University, Graduate School of Business.

Christensen, E. 1987. The genetic ark: A proposal to preserve genetic diversity for future generations. Stanford Law Review 40(1):279.

------. 1988. Diversity Compensation Systems: Ways to Compensate Developing Nations for Providing Genetic Materials. Durham: Duke University Press.

Christensen, J. 1999. A Romance with a Rain Forest and Its Elusive Miracles. New York Times, November 30, at D3.

Christofersen, L. 1999. Stand Up to Biopiracy. Resource Africa. 1(6):10.

Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. 1999. Access to Genetic Resources: An Evaluation of the Development and Implementation of Recent Regulations and Access Agreements. Prepared for the Biodiversity Action Network by the Environmental Policy Studies (Working Paper #4). New York: Columbia University.

Colwell, R. R. Microbial diversity: the importance of exploration and conservation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 18:302-307.

Cooper, D. 1991. Biodiversity: Social and Ecological Perspectives. London: Zed Books, Ltd.

Congressional Research Service. 1993. Biotechnology, Indigenous Peoples, and Intellectual Property Rights. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, April 16.

Costanza, R. et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387(May 15):253.

Cragg, G. et al. 1992. The Role of Plants in the National Cancer Institute Drug Discovery and Development Program. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.

Crespi, R. 1982. Patenting in the Biological Sciences. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

------. 1985. Biotechnology and Patent Protection: An International Review. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Day, K. et al. 1993. Medical research and genetic resources management: The case of Taxol. Contemporaneous Policy Issues 11:1.

Day, P. 1997. Biodiversity and the equitable use of the world's genetic resources. In Global Genetic Resources: Access, Ownership, and Intellectual Property Rights. eds. K.E. Hoagland and A.Y. Rossman. Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Research. Washington, DC: The Association of Systematics Collections.

DiMasi, J. et al. 1991. Cost of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Health Economics 10:107.

Doremus, H. Nature, knowledge and profit: The Yellowstone bioprospecting controversy and the core purposes of Americas national parks. Ecology Law Quarterly 26(3):401-488.

Downes, D. 1993. New diplomacy for the biodiversity trade: Biodiversity, biotechnology, and intellectual property in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Touro Journal of Transnational Law 4:1.

Downes, D. et al. 1994. Biodiversity prospecting: Rules of the game. BioScience 44:381.

Eisner, T. 1989. Prospecting for nature's chemical riches. Issues in Science and Technology Winter 8990:31.

------. 1991. Chemical prospecting: A proposal for action. In Ecology Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle, ed. Bormann, F.H. et al. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

------. 1994. Chemical prospecting: a global imperative. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 138(3):385.

Eisner, T. et al. 1994. Biotic exploration fund: Protecting biodiversity through chemical prospecting. BioScience 44(2):9598.

Evenson, R. et al. 1997. Genetic resources, international organizations and improvement in rice varieties. Economic Development and Cultural Change 45:471.

Farnsworth, N. 1985. Economic and medicinal plant research. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

------. 1988. Screening plants for new medicines. In Biodiversity, ed. E.O. Wilson et al. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Farnsworth, N. and D. Soejarto. 1985. Potential consequences of plant extinction in the United States on the current and future availability of prescription drugs. Economic Botany 39:23140.

Fish, S. 1996. Efforts to implement controversial objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Honolulu, HI: Report presented at the International Bar Associations 10^th Biennial Seminar on International Environmental Law.

Fish, S. et al. 1994. Biodiversity prospecting: using innovative contractual provisions to foster ethnobotanical knowledge, technology and conservation. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 5(1):23.

Flam, F. 1994. Chemical prospectors scour the seas for promising drugs. Harvard 266:1324.

Fonaroff, A. et al. 1995. Biomedicine, biotechnology, and biodiversityThe western hemisphere experience. Interciencia 20(3):125.

Fox, J. 1995. Biodiversity promises great prospecting. Bio/Technology 13(6):54445.

Freese, C. H. ed. 1997. Harvesting Wild Species; Implications for Biodiversity Conservation. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Frisvold, G. et al. 1994. Biodiversity conservation and biotechnology development agreements. Contemporary Economic Policy 12(3):19.

Gámez, R. 1991. Biodiversity conservation through facilitation of its sustainable use: Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute. Tree 6:12.

Gámez, R. et al. 1993. Costa Rica's conservation program and National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). In Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Gentry, A. 1993. Tropical forest biodiversity and the potential for new medicinal plants. In Human Medicinal Agents from Plants ed. A. Kinghorn et al. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

Gershon, D. 1992. If biological diversity has a price, who sets it and who should benefit? Nature 359:65.

Glazer, A. N., Nikaido, H. 1994. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology.

Glowka, L. 1995. Determining access to genetic resources and ensuring benefit sharing: Legal and institutional considerations for states providing genetic resources. Paper presented to he Global Biodiversity Forum. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

------. 1997. Emerging legislative approaches to implement article 15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 3:249.

------. 1998. A Guide to Designing Legal Frameworks to Determine Access to Genetic Resources. Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 34. Gland: IUCN.

Goldberg, R. et al. 1992. INBio/Merck agreement: Pioneers in sustainable development. Harvard Business School Case N1-593-015. Cambridge MA: Harvard University.

Gollin, M. 1991. Using intellectual property to improve environmental protection. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 4:193.

------. 1993. An intellectual property rights framework for biodiversity prospecting. In Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

------. 1994. Patenting recipes from nature's kitchen. Bio/Technology12:406.

Gore, A. 1992. Essentials for economic progress: Protect biodiversity and intellectual property rights. The Journal of NIH Research 4:18.

Grabowski, A. et al. 1990. A new look at the returns and risks to pharmaceutical R&D. Management Science 36:804.

Grifo, F. 1995. Biodiversity conservation: Incentives from biomedicine and biotechnology. Interciencia 20(4):188.

Grifo, F. & Rosenthal, J., eds. Biodiversity and Human Health. Washington, DC: Island Press. 1997, at 135-142.

Guruswany, L. et al., eds. 1998. Protection of Global Biodiversity. Durham: Duke University Press.

Heiken, D. 1992. The Pacific Yew and Taxol: Federal management of an emerging resource. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 7:175.

Hill, A. 1999. Trends in the International Market for Genetic and Biochemical Resources. Report presented to BIOTRADE Colombia Initiative Workshop, March 2325, 1999. Washington, DC: World Foundation for Environment and Development.

Hodson, T. 1995. Rain forest preservation, markets, and medicinal plants: Issues of property rights and present value. Conservation Biology 9(5):1319.

Holla-Bhar, R. 1993. Intellectual piracy and the neem tree. The Ecologist 23(6):23.

Holzman, D. 1996. Researchers debate tropical prospects for microbial resources. ASM News 62(9):453.

Hull, W. 1998. Yellowstone signs historic bioprospecting agreement. Biodiversity 8(1): 1-2.

Iwu, M. et al.1998. Drug development and biodiversity conservation in Africa: case study of a benefit-sharing plan.

Janzen, D. 1993. A new lease on life. In Biodiversity prospecting: Using genetic resources for sustainable development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute

------. 1993. Taxonomy: Universal and Essential Infrastructure for Development and Management of Tropical Wildland Biodiversity. In Proceedings of the Norway/ UNEP Expert Conference on Biodiversity, Tondheim, Norway, O.T. Sandlund and P.J. Schei, eds., NINA, Tondheim, Norway, pp. 100-113.

------. 1997. From Traditional Knowledge to Trade Secrets: Prior Informed Consent in Bioprospecting. Washington, DC: InterAmerican Development Bank.

Janzen, D. et al. 1992. A north-south perspective on science in the management, use, and economic development of biodiversity. In Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, ed. O. Sandlund et al. Oslo, Norway: Scandanavian University Press.

------. 1998. Bioprospecting and public-private benefit sharing in the U.S. national parks. The Environmental Forum. 15(4):3845.

Joffe, S. et al. 1989. Phytochemicals: A renewable global resource. AgBiotech News and Information 1:697.

Johnson, J. 1992. Tropical forest biodiversity and its value to the pharmaceutical industry. Scottish Forestry 46(3):189.

Joyce, C. 1993. Taxol: Search for a cancer drug. BioScience 43:13336.

Juma, C. 1989. The Gene Hunters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

------. 1992. Property rights, biotechnology and genetic resources. Biopolicy International 7.

------. 1993. Policy options for scientific and technological capacity building. In Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Karp, A. et al. 1995. Biotechnology, biodiversity, and conservation. Bio/Technology 13(5):522.

Kate, K.T. 1997. The undertaking revisited: A commentary on the revision of the international undertaking on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 6(3):284.

------. 1998. The access and benefit-sharing policies of the United States National Cancer Institute; a comparative account of the discovery and development of the drugs Calanolide and Topotecan. Benefit-sharing case study submitted to the Executive Secretary of the U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.

Khalil, H. K.; Reid, W.W.; and Juma, C. 1992. Property rights, biotechnology and genetic resources. ACTS Biopolicy International 7series no. 7. Nairobi : ACTS Press.

King, J. et al. 1998. Bioprospecting and Public-Private Benefit Sharing in the U.S. National Parks. The Environmental Forum 15(4):38.

Laird, S. 1993. Contracts for biodiversity prospecting. In Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Lesser, W. 1998. Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity: Exploring Access and Benefit Sharing Issues. New York: CAB International.

Lovejoy, A. 1994. Biodiversity prospecting. Our Planet. 6(4):20.

Macilwain, C. 1998. When rhetoric hits reality in debate on bioprospecting. Nature 392:535.

Madigan, M. & Marrs, B. 1997. "Extremophiles," Scientific American. April, 1997, at pages 82-87.

Madigan, M., Martinko, J. M., Parker, J. 1997. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 8^th ed., ed. P. F. Corey.

Mannion, A. 1995. Biodiversity, biotechnology, and business. Environmental Conservation 22(3):201.

McAllister, D. 1991. Estimating the pharmaceutical value of forests, Canadian and tropical. Canadian Biodiversity 1:1625.

Mendelsohn, R. et al. 1994. Valuation of extractive medicines in tropical forests: Exploring the linkage to conservation. In Principles of Conservation Biology, ed. G. Meffe et al. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

------. 1995. The value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical forests. Economic Botany 49(2):22328.

Miller, J. et al. 1992. The discovery of medicines and forest conservation. In Conservation of Plant Genes, ed. P. Adams et al. Academic Press, London.

Mugabe, J. et al., eds. 1997. Access to Genetic Resources: Strategies for Sharing Benefits. Nairobi, Kenya: African Center for Technology Studies Press.

Myers, N. 1997. Biodiversity's genetic library. In Natures Services, ed. G. Daily. Washington, DC: Island Press.

National Research Council. 1991. Managing Global Genetic Resources: The US National Plant Germplasm System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Nature. 1998. The complex realities of sharing genetic assets. Nature 392:525.

Oldfield, M. 1984. The Value of Conserving Genetic Resources. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Olembo, R. 1995. Biodiversity and its importance to the biotechnology industry. Speech delivered to the Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Agriculture Biotechnology held March 6-10, 1994, in Madras, India. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 21:1.

Pan American Health Organization. 1996. Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Sustainable Development in Health and Agriculture: Emerging Connections. PAHO Scientific Publication No. 560. Washington DC: PAHO.

Pearce, D. et al. 1992. Preserving Biological Diversity: The Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Plants. Discussion Paper 9227. London: CSERGE.

------. 1995. The economic value of plant based pharmaceuticals. In Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants, ed. T. Swanson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Peritore, N. et al., eds. 1995. Biotechnology in Latin America. Wilmington, DE: SR Books.

Plotkin, M. 1988. The outlook for new agricultural and industrial products from the tropics. In Biodiversity, ed. E.O. Wilson. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Plucknett, D. et al. 1987. Gene Banks and the World's Food. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Polasky, S. et al. 1993. Searching for uncertain benefits and the conservation of biological diversity. Environmental and Resource Economics 3:171.

------. 1995. On the value of a collection of species. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(2):298.

Pollack, A. 1999. Biological products raise genetic ownership issues. New York Times, November 26, at A1, C4.

Posey, D. 1990. Intellectual property rights and just compensation for indigenous knowledge. Anhropology Today 6(4):13.

------. 1996. Protecting indigenous peoples' rights to biodiversity. Environment 38(8):6.

Posey, D. et al. 1995. Collaborative research and intellectual property rights. Biodiversity and Conservation 4:892.

Postgate, J. 1992. Microbes and Man. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Principe, P. 1989. The economic significance of plants and their constituents as drugs. In Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, 3, eds. H. Wagner, H. Hikino, and N. Farnsworth. London: Academic Press.

------. 1989. The Economic Value of Biodiversity Among Medicinal Plants. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

------. 1991. Valuing the biodiversity of medicinal plants. In The Conservation of Medicinal Plants. ed. Akerete et al. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. 79124.

------. 1996. Monetizing the Pharmacological Benefits of Plants. New York: Columbia University Press.

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------. 1994. Compromise Sought Over Germplasm Access. Nature 372:554.

Querol, D. 1992. Genetic Resources: Our Forgotten Treasure. Third World Network, Penang, Malaysia.

Ralls, K. et al. 1989. Protected species: Research permits and the value of basic research. BioScience 39:39496.

Rausser, G., et al. 1997. Bioprospecting with Prior Ecological Information. Giannini Foundation Working Paper No. 819. University of California.

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Reid, W. 1992. Genetic Resources and Sustainable Agriculture: Creating Incentives for Local Innovation and Adaptation. Biopolicy International Series (Vol. 2). Nairobi, Kenya: African Center for Technology Studies Press.

Reid, W. et al. eds. 1993. Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

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Rosenthal, J. 1997. Integrating drug discovery, biodiversity conservation, and economic development: Early lessons from the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups. In Biodiversity and Human Health, ed. F. Grifo et al. Washington, DC: Island Press.

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------. 1994. Contractual agreements for genetic resources. Scoping papers on national issues in the use of economic incentives for conservation of biodiversity. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Sedjo, R. et al. 1994. Contracting for genetic resources. Submission to OECD expert group on economic aspects of biodiversity. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

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Simpson, R. and R. Sedjo. 1992. Contracts for transferring rights to indigenous genetic resources. Resources (Fall):16, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.

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Sittenfeld, A. and R. Gamez. 1993. Biodiversity prospecting by INBio. In Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development, eds. W. Reid et al. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

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Subramanian, A. 1992. Genetic resources, biodiversity and environmental protectionan analysis and proposal towards a solution. Journal of World Trade 26(5):10510.

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Svarstad, H. et al. 1998. From Norway to Novartis: A source country experience with bioprospecting. Workshop: Sharing of Benefits Arising from the Utilization of Genetic Resources, 1-3 May 1998.

Swanson, T. 1996. The reliance of northern economies on southern biodiversity: Biodiversity as information. Ecological Economics 17(1):18.

Swanson, T. ed. 1995. Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Vaughan, D. and L. Sitch. 1991. Gene flow from the jungle to farmers. BioScience 41:2228.

Vogel, J. 1994. Genes for Sale: Privatization as a Conservation Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ward, D. M. 1998. Microbiology in Yellowstone National Park. ASM News 64(3):141-146.

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Wilson, E.O. 1984. Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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Williams, S. 1984. Protection of plant varieties and parts as intellectual property. Science 225:1823.

Witt, S. 1985. Briefbook: Biotechnology and Genetic Diversity. San Francisco, CA: CSI.

World Resources Institute et al. 1992. Global Biodiversity Strategy. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, World Conservation UnionIUCN, and United Nations Environment Programme.

------. 1993. Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.